This study showed that the challenge of reducing GHG emissions of milk and beef production is interrelated. We concluded that the mitigation strategies for dairy systems evaluated in this study were less effective for reduction of GHG emissions from production of milk and beef, when accounting for changes in the amount of beef produced. Differences in emissions per kg FPCM and 40 g CW were smaller when the assumed emission intensity of pure beef was lower. This was caused by the compensation of the lower CW production from dairy systems by CW from pure beef systems. However, when we used a FU of 1 kg FPCM and 40 g CW, changes in emissions ranged from −0.2 to 3.8%. When considering emissions per kg of CW only, emissions were reduced by 12.5 to 48.9%. Considering GHG emissions per kg of FPCM only, the strategies reduced emissions by 0.2 to 18.1%.
The mare of the foal and any recipient mare used. The breeding that resulted in this foal must have followed the current rules and regulations of the respective national breed organization (i.e. Results showed a reduction in CW per kg FPCM from the dairy system in all four mitigation strategies. The foal’s dam was registered in the BROODMARE registry no later than September 1 of the year the foal was conceived. In the third FU, in case the amount of CW produced by the dairy system was lower than 40 g per kg FPCM, the remainder was compensated by CW produced in pure beef systems, assuming a GHG emission intensity of 30 kg CO 2-eq. Second, GHG emission intensities were calculated for three different functional units (FU): one kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM), one kg of carcass weight (CW), and a fixed amount of milk and beef (i.e.
First, effects of the mitigation strategy on production of milk and carcass weight from the dairy system were calculated. For each scenario, analyses were done in two steps. While the number of women in middle management is increasing, data points to an under-representation of women at senior levels (EOWA, 2006a). The Dutch dairy system was taken as a case study. 2.2 Underlying premise for research The proportion of women in higher status positions is a key indicator of equity (Appold et. Four commonly used mitigation strategies for dairy systems were evaluated using an LCA modelling approach: increasing the milk production per cow, extending the productive life span of cows, increasing the calving interval, and changing breed from Holstein Friesian to Jersey. The objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of a number of mitigation strategies for dairy systems, taking into account compensation for changes in the amount of beef produced. Many of the climate change mitigation options for dairy systems that aim at optimizing milk production imply a reduced output of meat from these systems.